KMCRIC

The estrogenic activity of black cohosh remains debated. Specific estrogenic constituents have not been identified, and it is unclear how (or if) black cohosh interacts with estrogens, estrogen receptors, and/or progestins. Studies suggest that there may be no direct effects on estrogen receptors, although this is an area of active controversy [​10​;​8​;​11​;​9​;​12​;​13​;​14​;​15​]. Therefore, caution is warranted in individuals taking both black cohosh and estrogens, due to unknown effects, and interactions data in this area are lacking. In animals and in vitro, initial reports of estrogen receptor-binding activity [​16​] stand in contrast with data suggesting no significant estrogen receptor-binding activity or estrogenic activities [​17​;​18​;​19​;​20​]. One in vitro study found no effects of black cohosh alone on estrogen receptors, but it reported that black cohosh antagonized proliferative effects on cells induced by estradiol [​21​]. Several studies have aimed to assess estrogenic activity by measuring luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or prolactin levels [​22​;​23​]. One study reported lower FSH levels (but not LH) in patients treated with black cohosh vs. placebo (N=110), although baseline hormone levels were not known in either group [​22​]. Results from other trials have found no effects on these hormone levels after up to six months of black cohosh therapy [​24​;​25​;​26​]. When administered to female infantile mice, black cohosh could not precipitate the premature onset of estrus [​27​]. Estrogenic effects on vaginal epithelium were noted in one three-month trial of black cohosh [​28​], while a six-month trial reported no effects on vaginal cytology [​29​]. In a systematic review, with relevance to cancer patients, black cohosh also seemed to lack phytoestrogenic activity and may inhibit tumor growth [​30​].

... 실험의 결과들은 6개월 간의 승마 치료 후 이러한 호르몬 수치에 미치는 효능이 없다는 점을 밝혔다 [​24​;​25​;​26​]. 새끼 쥐에게 투여하였을 때, 승마는 발정기의 정상보다 이른 시작을 촉발시키지 않았다 [​27​]. 질 상피에...

In animal studies, free valproic acid concentrations in the brain were significantly increased by carnitine, potentially increasing effects associated with valproic acid [​400​]. In humans, treatment with carnitine returned the prolonged half-lives of valproic acid, associated with carnitine deficiency, close to the normal range [​401​]. In clinical studies, plasma carnitine concentrations were lower and blood ammonia values were higher in patients treated with valproic acid than in the untreated patients and control subjects [​63​;​64​;​65​]. L-carnitine supplementation reduced levels of plasma ammonia in valproate-treated patients [​62​]. In children treated with valproic acid, a significant reduction was found in muscle carnitine content [​402​]. The effects of valproic acid on carnitine status (muscle, serum) and associated adverse effects, as well as use of carnitine in valproate toxicity, have been discussed in reviews and other publications [​403​;​404​;​405​;​406​;​407​;​408​] and human studies [​409​;​410​;​411​;​412​;​413​;​414​;​415​;​416​;​417​], although decreases in free carnitine have been shown, but not in all human studies [​61​;​418​]. Treatment with carnitine improved carnitine levels in children treated with valproate and had no effect on plasma valproic acid levels [​419​]. Reviews, systematic reviews, and case studies have concluded that valproic acid use lowers carnitine levels in some, but not all studies and that carnitine may be considered for valproic acid general toxicity; however, measurement of carnitine levels is warranted in order to determine the need [​44​;​45​;​46​;​47​;​48​;​49​;​50​;​51​;​52​;​53​;​54​;​55​;​56​;​57​;​58​;​59​;​60​;​61​;​62​;​63​;​64​;​65​;​66​;​67​] and hepatotoxicity [​68​]. One case study suggested that carnitine supplementation had no effect on valproate-related hepatotoxic effects [​420​], and another reported a severe disabled case of incomplete Fanconi syndrome following discontinuation of carnitine use during valproate therapy [​421​]. Carnitine was added to valproic acid treatment for spinal muscular atrophy in a clinical trial; the effect of carnitine alone was not examined [​60​]. Mechanisms associated with valproate-induced reduction of carnitine have been investigated in vitro [​38​;​39​;852]. In animal research, decreased carnitine stores were associated with increased valproic acid toxicity [853]. However, in children using valproic acid, there was an increase in levels of free carnitine [​263​] and in patients with epilepsy although plasma and urinary free and total carnitine levels decreased levels of acyl-carnitine increased [​66​].

..., 카르니틴 결핍과 관련된, 발프로산의 반감기를 정상 범위에 가깝게 되돌렸다 [​401​]. 임상 연구에서,... (valproate)로 치료받은 환자에게 혈장 암모니아 수치를 감소시켰다 [​62​]. 발프로산으로 치료받은 아동의...

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides restored abnormal oxidative indice near normal levels in liver and kidney tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

구기자 (Lycium barbarum) 다당류는 streptozotocin으로 유도된 당뇨병 흰쥐 모델에서 간과 신장의 비정상적인 산화 수치를 정상 수치로 회복시킴.

Fructus Hordei Germinatus has anti-hyperprolactinemia regulate serum E2, P, PRL, FSH, LH levels to normal, decrease the pituitary prolactin positive cell number, mRNA expression level and inhibit the hyperplasia of mammary gland in hyperprolactinemia model rats.

맥아는 프로락틴 혈증 흰쥐 모델에서 혈청 E2, P, PRL, FSH, LH 수치를 정상으로 조절하고 뇌하수체 prolactin 양성 세포 수, mRNA 발현 수준을 감소 시키며 유선의 증식을 억제시킴으로써 항 프로락틴혈증 효과를 가짐.